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- Motor Management Systems - Confirm and/or apply settings provided by others. Perform applicable tests to determine functions and characteristics of each operating element and expected reaction; evaluate the results. Relays can include but are not limited to negative sequence, loss of excitation, synchronization, thermal model.
- Microprocessor-Based Motor Protection Takes Protecting and Monitoring Electric Motors into the Digital Age [PDF] The following examples highlight cases where the application of microprocessor-based motor protection relays improved the protection, control, and/or monitoring of a medium-voltage motor.
- Generation relays - Confirm and/or apply settings provided by others. Perform applicable tests to determine functions and characteristics of each operating element and expected reaction; evaluate the results. Relays can include but are not limited to negative sequence, loss of excitation, synchronization, and overspeed.
- 64S Protection Guide [PDF] This paper covers the Theory, Application, and Commissioning of Generator 100 Percent Stator Ground Fault Protection Using Low Frequency Injection.
- Transmission relays - Confirm and/or apply settings provided by others. Perform applicable tests to determine functions and characteristics of each operating element and expected reaction; evaluate the results. Relay functions can include but are not limited to phase- and ground-overcurrent, distance, phase comparison, current differential, reclosing, and breaker failure.
- Impacts of Shunt Reactors on Transmission Line Protection Shunt reactors are installed to offset the capacitive effect of transmission lines and therefore improve the voltage profiles of transmission lines. In addition, they also help regulate the volt/VAR of power systems.
- TRANSMISSION LINES DISTANCE RELAY BASICS AND TUTORIALS
- The Art and Science of Protective Relaying: Chapter 4 - Distance Relays
- Distance Relays [Video]
- Mho Relays [Video]
- Advanced knowledge and skills - Perform dynamic relay testing; evaluate relay operations. Perform end-to-end testing of communications assisted relay schemes with GPS controlled test equipment.
- An Application Case of End-to-End Relay Testing of Communication-Based Protection Schemes Using GPS-Synchronized Secondary Injection [PDF] End-to-end testing verifies a complete protection scheme including relays at different locations and the communication link between them.
- Dynamic Testing Numerical Protection Relays [PDF] This article demonstrates the benefits of dynamic testing and shows some examples of how to apply them.
- New Techniques for Dynamic Relay Testing - Part 1: Review and Problems [PDF] The traditional method of testing individual relay functions using steady-state calibrations is no longer a viable test method for testing modern multifunction relays.
- New Techniques for Dynamic Relay Testing - Part 2: Solutions [PDF] Dynamic relay testing has allowed users to significantly decrease the amount of time needed for testing while increasing the quality of the test and the documentation of results.
- Using COMTRADE Records to Test Protective Relays [PDF] COMTRADE records that have been captured by numerical relays and digital fault records recorded during actual system events are of particular interest since these provide the ability to test protection for critical faults or disturbances such as an out-of step condition that are hard to create using off the shelf test set software.
- Output Logic Testing [PDF] A common mistake for relay testers is to use spare outputs, displays, and/or LEDs for their pickup and timing tests and ignore the in-service output logic, believing that they are using the same elements in their test equations as the final logic.
- Using Event Recordings to Verify Protective Relay Operations [PDF] The ability to use event recordings to verify protective relay operations is now a reality. Automatic data collection of fault records assures the timely capture of events.
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