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- Tests and evaluation - Understand liquid tests including dielectric breakdown, neutralization, interfacial tension, color, visual condition, power-factor, and water-content tests, as applicable. Perform oxygen content tests in transformers. Recognize fault gases commonly found in insulating liquids.
- Important IEEE Standards
- IEEE C57.104 Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformers
- IEEE C57.106 Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment
- IEEE C57.111 Guide for Acceptance of Silicone Insulating Fluid and Its Maintenance in Transformers
- IEEE C57.121 IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Less-Flammable Hydrocarbon Fluid in Transformers
- Important ASTM Standards
- ASTM D877 Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
- ASTM D923 Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
- ASTM D974 Standard Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-Indicator Titration
- ASTM D3487 Standard Specification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used in Electrical Apparatus
- Transformer Insulating Oil Test Methods (ASTM) Know the most common ASTM insulating oil tests and the significance of each.
- Important EPA Standards
- 40 CFR Part 761 - Protection of Environment
- 40 CFR 761.125 - Requirements for PCB spill cleanup
- 40 CFR 761.3 - Definitions
- Insulating Liquid Tests
- Guide to insulating oil dielectric breakdown testing Gain insight into the different types of oil testing methods, including oil dielectric breakdown testing moisture content testing. This guide covers best practices for oil testing, the correct equipment to use, and the different IEEE/IEC standards to adhere to when testing.
- Transformer Oil Sampling [PDF] This article discuss transformer oil sample tests other than dissolved gas analysis (DGA).
- Dielectric Response Analysis of Transformers [PDF] There are new tests available to the power industry where more complete diagnosis can be performed. Tests such as sweep frequency response analysis and dielectric response analysis make the high-end diagnosis possible for transformers, motors, generators, and cables.
- What is Sludge? [PDF] The development of sludge in a transformer is deleterious and presents a number of problems.
- Transformer Insulating Oil and Types of Transformer Oil An introduction to transformer insulating oil.
- Causes of Hydrogen Gas in Transformers If hydrogen is the main gas being produced in significant quantities, the likely causes may be stray gassing of the oil or partial discharges in the transformer.
- A Guide to Transformer Oil Analysis [PDF] Regular sampling and testing of insulation oil taken from transformers is a valuable technique in a preventative maintenance program. If a proactive approach is adopted based on the condition of the transformer oil, the life of the transformer can be extended.
- Dissipation Factor, Power Factor, and Relative Permittivity of Insulating Oil The power factor of insulating oil equals the cosine of the phase angle between an AC voltage applied to oil and the resulting current. Power factor indicates the dielectric loss of oil and, thus, its dielectric heating. The power factor test is widely used as an acceptance and preventive maintenance test for insulating oil.
- Important IEEE Standards
�Getting Started